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Abstract

This study proposes a more effective concept of Learner Performance-based Behavior (LPB). It is a new metaheuristic algorithm based on how the university admission process is done for high school students in various departments. The adaptive crossover and mutation methods were incorporated into the LPB algorithm as part of an investigation. The goal is to enhance convergence and significantly improve the quality of the solutions. The aLPB (adaptive-learner performance-based Behaviour) method stands out because it sets the crossover and mutation parameters based on the performance of the parent solutions. Thus, the proposed technique achieves a balance between exploration and exploitation in the search space. The adaptiveness of these operators enables the algorithm to be more flexible and search the space when needed (by promoting heterogeneity). It also allows modeling the search process (by targeting local refinements) according to the course of elements or models as the search continues. Numerous standard test functions are used to evaluate the performance of the aLPB, including classical test functions (TF1-TF19) and the CEC-C06 2019 benchmark suite. The results are compared with those of the regular LPB and several prominent meta-heuristic algorithms, such as the dragonfly algorithm (DA), genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Using the features of the proposed algorithm, one sees that the proposed crossover and mutation dynamics enhance the rate of convergence. They also cut down the trappings in local minima, as well as improving exploration and exploitation. The statistical tests (Sign and Wilcoxon) prove that the aLPB is very successful in enhancing optimization efficiency, particularly in the case of large-scale problems. The mean rank of aLPB was 2.68, and its sum rank was 51, which was better than other competitors in 19 benchmark functions. It also topped the top functions in 7 out of 10 of the CEC-C06 2019 functions. In practice, it managed to obtain a minimum cost of 263.8958 on the three-bar truss and to obtain 91 distinct solutions to the N-Queen problem, with N = 8 (as compared to 35 using GA). Results of real-world case studies also confirm its strength and versatility, making it an ideal approach for addressing multidimensional optimisation problems.

Reason for Retraction

This article has been retracted at the request of the Editorial Office, following an internal investigation conducted in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Retraction Guidelines.

The investigation identified serious concerns affecting the integrity and reliability of the published work. Specifically, one or more of the following issues were confirmed:

  1. Undisclosed use of computer-generated text and/or data, in which substantial portions of the content were produced using algorithmic or artificial intelligence–based tools without transparent disclosure, contrary to the journal's authorship and transparency policies.

  2. Compromised peer-review process, indicating irregularities that undermine the validity, independence or authenticity of the review procedure.

  3. Inappropriate or misleading citations, including references that are irrelevant, improperly used, or appear to artificially inflate citation metrics, thereby distorting the scholarly record.

  4. Authorship-related concerns, including the addition of new author(s) at a later stage of the publication process without adequate justification, documentation, or transparent disclosure, raising unresolved questions regarding author contributions, responsibility, and compliance with the journal's authorship criteria.

The Editorial Office determined that these issues significantly compromise the scientific integrity of the article, and that correction alone would be insufficient to address the concerns. Retraction was therefore deemed necessary to maintain the accuracy and trustworthiness of the scholarly record.

The authors were informed of the findings and the retraction decision. While the authors do not respond to this retraction, the journal has proceeded with the retraction in line with COPE guidance, which permits retraction without author consent when editorial integrity is at risk.

This retraction is issued to alert readers that the findings and conclusions of the article should not be relied upon. The original article will remain accessible for the sake of the scholarly record, but it will be clearly marked as retracted.

Apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

Please see the Retraction Notice available at: https://ijcsm.researchcommons.org/ijcsm/vol6/iss3/48

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1353

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